Ebook Free , by René Descartes
Ebook Free , by René Descartes
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, by René Descartes
Ebook Free , by René Descartes
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Product details
File Size: 171 KB
Print Length: 85 pages
Publisher: 开放图书馆 (January 1, 1900)
Publication Date: January 1, 1900
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B07H2BN29W
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Make me question everything. After reading this book I questioned reality, sensations, and even my own existence. I am now trapped in the vortex of time all by myself for about 1000 years now, so I would say this is a great book. Or is it? What makes it a great book? What is a great book? What is a book? What is life? What is reality? Why am i a philosophy major? What am i going to do with my life now? Why am i writing a funny review on Amazon instead of studying for my finals so I can stop disappointing my parents?
We are 1641, Descartes or "the thinking thing", as he calls himself, is meditating about the existence of a god + telling apart soul and body. Medieval follies apart, the fun here comes from his ingenious methodology building the argument. First, he admits being aware of his ignorance therefore prone to errors. Second, he claims to be able to free his mind from senses and prejudices; also ready to demolish his own opinions given new evidences. Then he goes about defining what information his senses are providing to conclude that, in a senseless mind-set, the idea of god is still with him. I’m reading this in 2016, we know humans can’t reach such senseless state but Descartes is still very entertaining.
In the "Discourse on Method for Conducting One's Reason Well and for Searching for Truth in the Sciences" (1637) Descartes suggests that perfect knowledge can be achieved by means of perfect, individual reasoning. According to Descartes, reason can only guarantee its truth-seeking value in the personal sphere, and even then only when it is gradually and systematically applied. Descartes demonstrates his own method for generating perfectly reasoned knowledge, but it is the model of this behavior and not the knowledge itself that ought benefit his readers. The text is in this sense a testament to Descartes' own progress as a practitioner of his own method. Descartes exerts himself as the ultimate critic whose default stance is one of doubt and who wishes to reform his own thought according to the most rigorous standards of reason possible. He does not succeed in following most of his maxims. Nevertheless, his experiment is a notable instance of the struggle for individual enlightenment.First, Descartes addresses the harms of the status quo organization of knowledge and its acquisition. He identifies the vector by which falsehoods propagate themselves undetected among the disciplines of human knowledge. The current realm of human knowledge is the product of "design by committee" in the sense that it is cumulative and collaborative, meaning that previous errors in reasoning may serve as the ostensibly firm foundations for the current order of knowledge. He alleges that no discipline of knowledge can be said to be entirely reasoned from empirical data. He criticizes even the apparently objective systems of mathematics and logic for a deficiency of application. Descartes points to controversies and inconsistencies between disciplines as evidence of imperfection among the sciences, for if they were perfectly conceived, they would be a single and uniform science. In theory, these unstable foundations could be reformed at the individual level with individual reason alone.To this end, Descartes performs his own experiment, isolating himself from the order of human knowledge to the best of his ability. He recommends that the individual reasoner enter a knowledge vacuum that is void of the mental constructs with which other humans think. Like Bacon, Descartes wishes to distance himself from the logic of syllogism and abandon the "Idols of the Theater." Starting from a single absolutely true concept, if one can reason it out, one might gradually construct knowledge by the sole mechanism of pure reasoning, resulting in trustworthy and verified blocks of knowledge which have been thought out by the individual reasoner and which ideally have empirical evidence in the world. Descartes performs this role to demonstrate the solvency of the method to himself. His first building block is perhaps the first warning signal with regard to the rest of his project, but it is also one of the only reasoning sessions to which the readers have detailed access. Descartes falls short even at this primary stage because he is unable to achieve a point zero of knowledge from which to start. Beyond this, it is evident from Descartes own writing that his "good sense" frequently makes reasoned but unreasonable leaps. Indeed, readers may only ponder the interim years in which Descartes moved from his starting point of "I think therefore I am" to his much more specific "knowledge" concerning the heart. Descartes' task of operating solely by means of individual reason is both impossible and inadvisable. Furthermore, his project is a performative contradiction: the notion of individual reason opposes the adoption of collectively achieved knowledge, yet the text serves the very purpose of intruding upon the reader's individual sphere of reason. But, for all of this project's weaknesses in practice, Descartes' project shifts the responsibility and procedure of enlightenment away from the elite class of thinkers into the domain of the autonomous reasoner.
A book well worth reading for anyone interested in the history of philosophy, but even moreso for those interested in Christian theology. Herein is the basis for most Protestant Christian interpretations of Jesus and the Bible. Descartes provides those who agree with him certainty about a discrete Self that has 'free will,' and a God who 'is not a deceiver' thus rendering our perceptions and rational thought trustworthy. I disagree with him most every step of the way, but it is a fascinating read given its impact on the historical development of philosophy and western religion.
At my undergraduate university I was forced to taken to humanities electives and was ordered to read this in one of them....and I actually ended up loving it! Book was of good quality and was much cheaper than my local bookstore at my university. As far as content goes, I would say that this book changed the way that I perceived the world around me. Previous to read this book, I was a biochemistry major who only focused on getting my scientific studies done to further my science education. By the time I finished this book I (as corny as it sounds) felt much more cultured and actually was inspired to read other books of philosophical nature. I am very glad with this and for the price of about $10 I doubt that you can do any better than Decartes! Enjoy!
If you pick up this book thinking it exists, take a moment to clear your head of all you know to be true. To truly immerse yourself in this book, you must put aside all you know and take in every word as if it were knew knowledge. This book is a great place to start for aspiring students of philosophy.
One of the fathers of Dualism, or the belief that the body and soul are two different entities. Extremely complex to read, but fascinating at the same time.
We are in 1637, Descartes is explaining his method to define a stable basis for all knowledge. Hats off to his frankness on mastering the mediocrity of his mind also aware of the short duration of life. The man was masterful creating ingenious analogies to explain ideas; making the whole thing a delicious read.
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